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    1/*  Part of SWI-Prolog
    2
    3    Author:        Jan Wielemaker
    4    E-mail:        J.Wielemaker@vu.nl
    5    WWW:           http://www.swi-prolog.org
    6    Copyright (c)  2013-2022, VU University Amsterdam
    7                              CWI, Amsterdam
    8                              SWI-Prolog Solutions b.v
    9    All rights reserved.
   10
   11    Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
   12    modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
   13    are met:
   14
   15    1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
   16       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
   17
   18    2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
   19       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
   20       the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
   21       distribution.
   22
   23    THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
   24    "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
   25    LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS
   26    FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
   27    COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
   28    INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING,
   29    BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
   30    LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
   31    CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
   32    LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN
   33    ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
   34    POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
   35*/
   36
   37:- module(sandbox,
   38          [ safe_goal/1,                % :Goal
   39            safe_call/1                 % :Goal
   40          ]).   41:- use_module(library(apply_macros),[expand_phrase/2]).   42:- use_module(library(apply),[maplist/2]).   43:- use_module(library(assoc),[empty_assoc/1,get_assoc/3,put_assoc/4]).   44:- use_module(library(debug),[debug/3,debugging/1]).   45:- use_module(library(error),
   46              [ must_be/2,
   47                instantiation_error/1,
   48                type_error/2,
   49                permission_error/3
   50              ]).   51:- use_module(library(lists),[append/3]).   52:- use_module(library(prolog_format),[format_types/2]).   53
   54:- multifile
   55    safe_primitive/1,               % Goal
   56    safe_meta_predicate/1,          % Name/Arity
   57    safe_meta/2,                    % Goal, Calls
   58    safe_meta/3,                    % Goal, Context, Calls
   59    safe_global_variable/1,         % Name
   60    safe_directive/1,               % Module:Goal
   61    safe_prolog_flag/2.             % +Name, +Value
   62
   63% :- debug(sandbox).

Sandboxed Prolog code

Prolog is a full-featured Turing complete programming language in which it is easy to write programs that can harm your computer. On the other hand, Prolog is a logic based query language which can be exploited to query data interactively from, e.g., the web. This library provides safe_goal/1, which determines whether it is safe to call its argument.

See also
- http://www.swi-prolog.org/pldoc/package/pengines.html */
To be done
- Handling of ^ and // meta predicates
- Complete set of whitelisted predicates
   79:- meta_predicate
   80    safe_goal(:),
   81    safe_call(0).
 safe_call(:Goal)
Call Goal if it complies with the sandboxing rules. Before calling Goal, it performs expand_goal/2, followed by safe_goal/1. Expanding is done explicitly because situations in which safe_call/1 typically concern goals that are not known at compile time.
See also
- safe_goal/1.
   93safe_call(Goal0) :-
   94    expand_goal(Goal0, Goal),
   95    safe_goal(Goal),
   96    call(Goal).
 safe_goal(:Goal) is det
True if calling Goal provides no security risc. This implies that:
Errors
- instantiation_error if the analysis encounters a term in a callable position that is insufficiently instantiated to determine the predicate called.
- permission_error(call, sandboxed, Goal) if Goal is in the call-tree and not white-listed.
  120safe_goal(M:Goal) :-
  121    empty_assoc(Safe0),
  122    catch(safe(Goal, M, [], Safe0, _), E, true),
  123    !,
  124    nb_delete(sandbox_last_error),
  125    (   var(E)
  126    ->  true
  127    ;   throw(E)
  128    ).
  129safe_goal(_) :-
  130    nb_current(sandbox_last_error, E),
  131    !,
  132    nb_delete(sandbox_last_error),
  133    throw(E).
  134safe_goal(G) :-
  135    debug(sandbox(fail), 'safe_goal/1 failed for ~p', [G]),
  136    throw(error(instantiation_error, sandbox(G, []))).
 safe(+Goal, +Module, +Parents, +Safe0, -Safe) is semidet
Is true if Goal can only call safe code.
  143safe(V, _, Parents, _, _) :-
  144    var(V),
  145    !,
  146    Error = error(instantiation_error, sandbox(V, Parents)),
  147    nb_setval(sandbox_last_error, Error),
  148    throw(Error).
  149safe(M:G, _, Parents, Safe0, Safe) :-
  150    !,
  151    must_be(atom, M),
  152    must_be(callable, G),
  153    known_module(M:G, Parents),
  154    (   predicate_property(M:G, imported_from(M2))
  155    ->  true
  156    ;   M2 = M
  157    ),
  158    (   (   safe_primitive(M2:G)
  159        ;   safe_primitive(G),
  160            predicate_property(G, iso)
  161        )
  162    ->  Safe = Safe0
  163    ;   (   predicate_property(M:G, exported)
  164        ;   predicate_property(M:G, public)
  165        ;   predicate_property(M:G, multifile)
  166        ;   predicate_property(M:G, iso)
  167        ;   memberchk(M:_, Parents)
  168        )
  169    ->  safe(G, M, Parents, Safe0, Safe)
  170    ;   throw(error(permission_error(call, sandboxed, M:G),
  171                    sandbox(M:G, Parents)))
  172    ).
  173safe(G, _, Parents, _, _) :-
  174    debugging(sandbox(show)),
  175    length(Parents, Level),
  176    debug(sandbox(show), '[~D] SAFE ~q?', [Level, G]),
  177    fail.
  178safe(G, _, Parents, Safe, Safe) :-
  179    catch(safe_primitive(G),
  180          error(instantiation_error, _),
  181          rethrow_instantition_error([G|Parents])),
  182    predicate_property(G, iso),
  183    !.
  184safe(G, M, Parents, Safe, Safe) :-
  185    known_module(M:G, Parents),
  186    (   predicate_property(M:G, imported_from(M2))
  187    ->  true
  188    ;   M2 = M
  189    ),
  190    (   catch(safe_primitive(M2:G),
  191              error(instantiation_error, _),
  192              rethrow_instantition_error([M2:G|Parents]))
  193    ;   predicate_property(M2:G, number_of_rules(0))
  194    ),
  195    !.
  196safe(G, M, Parents, Safe0, Safe) :-
  197    predicate_property(G, iso),
  198    safe_meta_call(G, M, Called),
  199    !,
  200    add_iso_parent(G, Parents, Parents1),
  201    safe_list(Called, M, Parents1, Safe0, Safe).
  202safe(G, M, Parents, Safe0, Safe) :-
  203    (   predicate_property(M:G, imported_from(M2))
  204    ->  true
  205    ;   M2 = M
  206    ),
  207    safe_meta_call(M2:G, M, Called),
  208    !,
  209    safe_list(Called, M, Parents, Safe0, Safe).
  210safe(G, M, Parents, Safe0, Safe) :-
  211    goal_id(M:G, Id, Gen),
  212    (   get_assoc(Id, Safe0, _)
  213    ->  Safe = Safe0
  214    ;   put_assoc(Id, Safe0, true, Safe1),
  215        (   Gen == M:G
  216        ->  safe_clauses(Gen, M, [Id|Parents], Safe1, Safe)
  217        ;   catch(safe_clauses(Gen, M, [Id|Parents], Safe1, Safe),
  218                  error(instantiation_error, Ctx),
  219                  unsafe(Parents, Ctx))
  220        )
  221    ),
  222    !.
  223safe(G, M, Parents, _, _) :-
  224    debug(sandbox(fail),
  225          'safe/1 failed for ~p (parents:~p)', [M:G, Parents]),
  226    fail.
  227
  228unsafe(Parents, Var) :-
  229    var(Var),
  230    !,
  231    nb_setval(sandbox_last_error,
  232              error(instantiation_error, sandbox(_, Parents))),
  233    fail.
  234unsafe(_Parents, Ctx) :-
  235    Ctx = sandbox(_,_),
  236    nb_setval(sandbox_last_error,
  237              error(instantiation_error, Ctx)),
  238    fail.
  239
  240rethrow_instantition_error(Parents) :-
  241    throw(error(instantiation_error, sandbox(_, Parents))).
  242
  243safe_clauses(G, M, Parents, Safe0, Safe) :-
  244    predicate_property(M:G, interpreted),
  245    def_module(M:G, MD:QG),
  246    \+ compiled(MD:QG),
  247    !,
  248    findall(Ref-Body, clause(MD:QG, Body, Ref), Bodies),
  249    safe_bodies(Bodies, MD, Parents, Safe0, Safe).
  250safe_clauses(G, M, [_|Parents], _, _) :-
  251    predicate_property(M:G, visible),
  252    !,
  253    throw(error(permission_error(call, sandboxed, G),
  254                sandbox(M:G, Parents))).
  255safe_clauses(_, _, [G|Parents], _, _) :-
  256    throw(error(existence_error(procedure, G),
  257                sandbox(G, Parents))).
  258
  259compiled(system:(@(_,_))).
  260
  261known_module(M:_, _) :-
  262    current_module(M),
  263    !.
  264known_module(M:G, Parents) :-
  265    throw(error(permission_error(call, sandboxed, M:G),
  266                sandbox(M:G, Parents))).
  267
  268add_iso_parent(G, Parents, Parents) :-
  269    is_control(G),
  270    !.
  271add_iso_parent(G, Parents, [G|Parents]).
  272
  273is_control((_,_)).
  274is_control((_;_)).
  275is_control((_->_)).
  276is_control((_*->_)).
  277is_control(\+(_)).
 safe_bodies(+Bodies, +Module, +Parents, +Safe0, -Safe)
Verify the safety of bodies. If a clause was compiled with a qualified module, we consider execution of the body in a different module not a cross-module call.
  286safe_bodies([], _, _, Safe, Safe).
  287safe_bodies([Ref-H|T], M, Parents, Safe0, Safe) :-
  288    (   H = M2:H2, nonvar(M2),
  289        clause_property(Ref, module(M2))
  290    ->  copy_term(H2, H3),
  291        CM = M2
  292    ;   copy_term(H, H3),
  293        CM = M
  294    ),
  295    safe(H3, CM, Parents, Safe0, Safe1),
  296    safe_bodies(T, M, Parents, Safe1, Safe).
  297
  298def_module(M:G, MD:QG) :-
  299    predicate_property(M:G, imported_from(MD)),
  300    !,
  301    meta_qualify(MD:G, M, QG).
  302def_module(M:G, M:QG) :-
  303    meta_qualify(M:G, M, QG).
 safe_list(+Called, +Module, +Parents, +Safe0, -Safe)
Processed objects called through meta predicates. If the called object is in our current context we remove the module qualification to avoid the cross-module check.
  311safe_list([], _, _, Safe, Safe).
  312safe_list([H|T], M, Parents, Safe0, Safe) :-
  313    (   H = M2:H2,
  314        M == M2                             % in our context
  315    ->  copy_term(H2, H3)
  316    ;   copy_term(H, H3)                    % cross-module call
  317    ),
  318    safe(H3, M, Parents, Safe0, Safe1),
  319    safe_list(T, M, Parents, Safe1, Safe).
 meta_qualify(:G, +M, -QG) is det
Perform meta-qualification of the goal-argument
  325meta_qualify(MD:G, M, QG) :-
  326    predicate_property(MD:G, meta_predicate(Head)),
  327    !,
  328    G =.. [Name|Args],
  329    Head =.. [_|Q],
  330    qualify_args(Q, M, Args, QArgs),
  331    QG =.. [Name|QArgs].
  332meta_qualify(_:G, _, G).
  333
  334qualify_args([], _, [], []).
  335qualify_args([H|T], M, [A|AT], [Q|QT]) :-
  336    qualify_arg(H, M, A, Q),
  337    qualify_args(T, M, AT, QT).
  338
  339qualify_arg(S, M, A, Q) :-
  340    q_arg(S),
  341    !,
  342    qualify(A, M, Q).
  343qualify_arg(_, _, A, A).
  344
  345q_arg(I) :- integer(I), !.
  346q_arg(:).
  347q_arg(^).
  348q_arg(//).
  349
  350qualify(A, M, MZ:Q) :-
  351    strip_module(M:A, MZ, Q).
 goal_id(:Goal, -Id, -Gen) is nondet
Generate an identifier for the goal proven to be safe. We first try to prove the most general form of the goal. If this fails, we try to prove more specific versions.
To be done
- Do step-by-step generalisation instead of the current two levels (most general and most specific).
- We could also use variant_sha1 for the goal ids.
  363goal_id(M:Goal, M:Id, Gen) :-
  364    !,
  365    goal_id(Goal, Id, Gen).
  366goal_id(Var, _, _) :-
  367    var(Var),
  368    !,
  369    instantiation_error(Var).
  370goal_id(Atom, Atom, Atom) :-
  371    atom(Atom),
  372    !.
  373goal_id(Term, _, _) :-
  374    \+ compound(Term),
  375    !,
  376    type_error(callable, Term).
  377goal_id(Term, Skolem, Gen) :-           % most general form
  378    compound_name_arity(Term, Name, Arity),
  379    compound_name_arity(Skolem, Name, Arity),
  380    compound_name_arity(Gen, Name, Arity),
  381    copy_goal_args(1, Term, Skolem, Gen),
  382    (   Gen =@= Term
  383    ->  !                           % No more specific one; we can commit
  384    ;   true
  385    ),
  386    numbervars(Skolem, 0, _).
  387goal_id(Term, Skolem, Term) :-          % most specific form
  388    debug(sandbox(specify), 'Retrying with ~p', [Term]),
  389    copy_term(Term, Skolem),
  390    numbervars(Skolem, 0, _).
 copy_goal_args(+I, +Term, +Skolem, +Gen) is det
Create the most general form, but keep module qualified arguments because they will likely be called anyway.
  397copy_goal_args(I, Term, Skolem, Gen) :-
  398    arg(I, Term, TA),
  399    !,
  400    arg(I, Skolem, SA),
  401    arg(I, Gen, GA),
  402    copy_goal_arg(TA, SA, GA),
  403    I2 is I + 1,
  404    copy_goal_args(I2, Term, Skolem, Gen).
  405copy_goal_args(_, _, _, _).
  406
  407copy_goal_arg(Arg, SArg, Arg) :-
  408    copy_goal_arg(Arg),
  409    !,
  410    copy_term(Arg, SArg).
  411copy_goal_arg(_, _, _).
  412
  413copy_goal_arg(Var) :- var(Var), !, fail.
  414copy_goal_arg(_:_).
 verify_safe_declaration(+Decl)
See whether a safe declaration makes sense. That is, the predicate must be defined (such that the attacker cannot define the predicate), must be sufficiently instantiated and only ISO declared predicates may omit a module qualification.
To be done
- Verify safe_meta/2 declarations. It is a bit less clear what the rules are.
  426term_expansion(safe_primitive(Goal), Term) :-
  427    (   verify_safe_declaration(Goal)
  428    ->  Term = safe_primitive(Goal)
  429    ;   Term = []
  430    ).
  431term_expansion((safe_primitive(Goal) :- Body), Term) :-
  432    (   verify_safe_declaration(Goal)
  433    ->  Term = (safe_primitive(Goal) :- Body)
  434    ;   Term = []
  435    ).
  436
  437system:term_expansion(sandbox:safe_primitive(Goal), Term) :-
  438    \+ current_prolog_flag(xref, true),
  439    (   verify_safe_declaration(Goal)
  440    ->  Term = sandbox:safe_primitive(Goal)
  441    ;   Term = []
  442    ).
  443system:term_expansion((sandbox:safe_primitive(Goal) :- Body), Term) :-
  444    \+ current_prolog_flag(xref, true),
  445    (   verify_safe_declaration(Goal)
  446    ->  Term = (sandbox:safe_primitive(Goal) :- Body)
  447    ;   Term = []
  448    ).
  449
  450verify_safe_declaration(Var) :-
  451    var(Var),
  452    !,
  453    instantiation_error(Var).
  454verify_safe_declaration(Module:Goal) :-
  455    !,
  456    must_be(atom, Module),
  457    must_be(callable, Goal),
  458    (   ok_meta(Module:Goal)
  459    ->  true
  460    ;   (   predicate_property(Module:Goal, visible)
  461        ->  true
  462        ;   predicate_property(Module:Goal, foreign)
  463        ),
  464        \+ predicate_property(Module:Goal, imported_from(_)),
  465        \+ predicate_property(Module:Goal, meta_predicate(_))
  466    ->  true
  467    ;   permission_error(declare, safe_goal, Module:Goal)
  468    ).
  469verify_safe_declaration(Goal) :-
  470    must_be(callable, Goal),
  471    (   predicate_property(system:Goal, iso),
  472        \+ predicate_property(system:Goal, meta_predicate())
  473    ->  true
  474    ;   permission_error(declare, safe_goal, Goal)
  475    ).
  476
  477ok_meta(system:assert(_)).
  478ok_meta(system:load_files(_,_)).
  479ok_meta(system:use_module(_,_)).
  480ok_meta(system:use_module(_)).
  481ok_meta('$syspreds':predicate_property(_,_)).
  482
  483verify_predefined_safe_declarations :-
  484    forall(clause(safe_primitive(Goal), _Body, Ref),
  485           ( E = error(F,_),
  486             catch(verify_safe_declaration(Goal), E, true),
  487             (   nonvar(F)
  488             ->  clause_property(Ref, file(File)),
  489                 clause_property(Ref, line_count(Line)),
  490                 print_message(error, bad_safe_declaration(Goal, File, Line))
  491             ;   true
  492             )
  493           )).
  494
  495:- initialization(verify_predefined_safe_declarations, now).
 safe_primitive(?Goal) is nondet
True if Goal is safe to call (i.e., cannot access dangerous system-resources and cannot upset other parts of the Prolog process). There are two types of facts. ISO built-ins are declared without a module prefix. This is safe because it is not allowed to (re-)define these primitives (i.e., give them an unsafe implementation) and the way around (redefine_system_predicate/1) is unsafe. The other group are module-qualified and only match if the system infers that the predicate is imported from the given module.
  509% First, all ISO system predicates that are considered safe
  510
  511safe_primitive(true).
  512safe_primitive(fail).
  513safe_primitive(system:false).
  514safe_primitive(repeat).
  515safe_primitive(!).
  516                                        % types
  517safe_primitive(var(_)).
  518safe_primitive(nonvar(_)).
  519safe_primitive(system:attvar(_)).
  520safe_primitive(integer(_)).
  521safe_primitive(float(_)).
  522:- if(current_predicate(rational/1)).  523safe_primitive(system:rational(_)).
  524safe_primitive(system:rational(_,_,_)).
  525:- endif.  526safe_primitive(number(_)).
  527safe_primitive(atom(_)).
  528safe_primitive(system:blob(_,_)).
  529safe_primitive(system:string(_)).
  530safe_primitive(atomic(_)).
  531safe_primitive(compound(_)).
  532safe_primitive(callable(_)).
  533safe_primitive(ground(_)).
  534safe_primitive(system:nonground(_,_)).
  535safe_primitive(system:cyclic_term(_)).
  536safe_primitive(acyclic_term(_)).
  537safe_primitive(system:is_stream(_)).
  538safe_primitive(system:'$is_char'(_)).
  539safe_primitive(system:'$is_char_code'(_)).
  540safe_primitive(system:'$is_char_list'(_,_)).
  541safe_primitive(system:'$is_code_list'(_,_)).
  542                                        % ordering
  543safe_primitive(@>(_,_)).
  544safe_primitive(@>=(_,_)).
  545safe_primitive(==(_,_)).
  546safe_primitive(@<(_,_)).
  547safe_primitive(@=<(_,_)).
  548safe_primitive(compare(_,_,_)).
  549safe_primitive(sort(_,_)).
  550safe_primitive(keysort(_,_)).
  551safe_primitive(system: =@=(_,_)).
  552safe_primitive(system:'$btree_find_node'(_,_,_,_,_)).
  553
  554                                        % unification and equivalence
  555safe_primitive(=(_,_)).
  556safe_primitive(\=(_,_)).
  557safe_primitive(system:'?='(_,_)).
  558safe_primitive(system:unifiable(_,_,_)).
  559safe_primitive(unify_with_occurs_check(_,_)).
  560safe_primitive(\==(_,_)).
  561                                        % arithmetic
  562safe_primitive(is(_,_)).
  563safe_primitive(>(_,_)).
  564safe_primitive(>=(_,_)).
  565safe_primitive(=:=(_,_)).
  566safe_primitive(=\=(_,_)).
  567safe_primitive(=<(_,_)).
  568safe_primitive(<(_,_)).
  569:- if(current_prolog_flag(bounded, false)).  570safe_primitive(system:nth_integer_root_and_remainder(_,_,_,_)).
  571:- endif.  572
  573                                        % term-handling
  574safe_primitive(arg(_,_,_)).
  575safe_primitive(system:setarg(_,_,_)).
  576safe_primitive(system:nb_setarg(_,_,_)).
  577safe_primitive(system:nb_linkarg(_,_,_)).
  578safe_primitive(functor(_,_,_)).
  579safe_primitive(system:functor(_,_,_,_)).
  580safe_primitive(_ =.. _).
  581safe_primitive(system:compound_name_arity(_,_,_)).
  582safe_primitive(system:compound_name_arguments(_,_,_)).
  583safe_primitive(system:'$filled_array'(_,_,_,_)).
  584safe_primitive(copy_term(_,_)).
  585safe_primitive(system:copy_term(_,_,_,_)).
  586safe_primitive(system:duplicate_term(_,_)).
  587safe_primitive(system:copy_term_nat(_,_)).
  588safe_primitive(system:size_abstract_term(_,_,_)).
  589safe_primitive(numbervars(_,_,_)).
  590safe_primitive(system:numbervars(_,_,_,_)).
  591safe_primitive(subsumes_term(_,_)).
  592safe_primitive(system:term_hash(_,_)).
  593safe_primitive(system:term_hash(_,_,_,_)).
  594safe_primitive(system:variant_sha1(_,_)).
  595safe_primitive(system:variant_hash(_,_)).
  596safe_primitive(system:'$term_size'(_,_,_)).
  597
  598                                        % dicts
  599safe_primitive(system:is_dict(_)).
  600safe_primitive(system:is_dict(_,_)).
  601safe_primitive(system:get_dict(_,_,_)).
  602safe_primitive(system:get_dict(_,_,_,_,_)).
  603safe_primitive(system:'$get_dict_ex'(_,_,_)).
  604safe_primitive(system:dict_create(_,_,_)).
  605safe_primitive(system:dict_pairs(_,_,_)).
  606safe_primitive(system:put_dict(_,_,_)).
  607safe_primitive(system:put_dict(_,_,_,_)).
  608safe_primitive(system:del_dict(_,_,_,_)).
  609safe_primitive(system:select_dict(_,_,_)).
  610safe_primitive(system:b_set_dict(_,_,_)).
  611safe_primitive(system:nb_set_dict(_,_,_)).
  612safe_primitive(system:nb_link_dict(_,_,_)).
  613safe_primitive(system:(:<(_,_))).
  614safe_primitive(system:(>:<(_,_))).
  615                                        % atoms
  616safe_primitive(atom_chars(_, _)).
  617safe_primitive(atom_codes(_, _)).
  618safe_primitive(sub_atom(_,_,_,_,_)).
  619safe_primitive(atom_concat(_,_,_)).
  620safe_primitive(atom_length(_,_)).
  621safe_primitive(char_code(_,_)).
  622safe_primitive(system:name(_,_)).
  623safe_primitive(system:atomic_concat(_,_,_)).
  624safe_primitive(system:atomic_list_concat(_,_)).
  625safe_primitive(system:atomic_list_concat(_,_,_)).
  626safe_primitive(system:downcase_atom(_,_)).
  627safe_primitive(system:upcase_atom(_,_)).
  628safe_primitive(system:char_type(_,_)).
  629safe_primitive(system:normalize_space(_,_)).
  630safe_primitive(system:sub_atom_icasechk(_,_,_)).
  631                                        % numbers
  632safe_primitive(number_codes(_,_)).
  633safe_primitive(number_chars(_,_)).
  634safe_primitive(system:atom_number(_,_)).
  635safe_primitive(system:code_type(_,_)).
  636                                        % strings
  637safe_primitive(system:atom_string(_,_)).
  638safe_primitive(system:number_string(_,_)).
  639safe_primitive(system:string_chars(_, _)).
  640safe_primitive(system:string_codes(_, _)).
  641safe_primitive(system:string_code(_,_,_)).
  642safe_primitive(system:sub_string(_,_,_,_,_)).
  643safe_primitive(system:split_string(_,_,_,_)).
  644safe_primitive(system:atomics_to_string(_,_,_)).
  645safe_primitive(system:atomics_to_string(_,_)).
  646safe_primitive(system:string_concat(_,_,_)).
  647safe_primitive(system:string_length(_,_)).
  648safe_primitive(system:string_lower(_,_)).
  649safe_primitive(system:string_upper(_,_)).
  650safe_primitive(system:term_string(_,_)).
  651safe_primitive('$syspreds':term_string(_,_,_)).
  652                                        % Lists
  653safe_primitive(length(_,_)).
  654                                        % exceptions
  655safe_primitive(throw(_)).
  656safe_primitive(system:abort).
  657                                        % misc
  658safe_primitive(current_prolog_flag(_,_)).
  659safe_primitive(current_op(_,_,_)).
  660safe_primitive(system:sleep(_)).
  661safe_primitive(system:thread_self(_)).
  662safe_primitive(system:get_time(_)).
  663safe_primitive(system:statistics(_,_)).
  664:- if(current_prolog_flag(threads,true)).  665safe_primitive(system:thread_statistics(Id,_,_)) :-
  666    (   var(Id)
  667    ->  instantiation_error(Id)
  668    ;   thread_self(Id)
  669    ).
  670safe_primitive(system:thread_property(Id,_)) :-
  671    (   var(Id)
  672    ->  instantiation_error(Id)
  673    ;   thread_self(Id)
  674    ).
  675:- endif.  676safe_primitive(system:format_time(_,_,_)).
  677safe_primitive(system:format_time(_,_,_,_)).
  678safe_primitive(system:date_time_stamp(_,_)).
  679safe_primitive(system:stamp_date_time(_,_,_)).
  680safe_primitive(system:strip_module(_,_,_)).
  681safe_primitive('$messages':message_to_string(_,_)).
  682safe_primitive(system:import_module(_,_)).
  683safe_primitive(system:file_base_name(_,_)).
  684safe_primitive(system:file_directory_name(_,_)).
  685safe_primitive(system:file_name_extension(_,_,_)).
  686
  687safe_primitive(clause(H,_)) :- safe_clause(H).
  688safe_primitive(asserta(X)) :- safe_assert(X).
  689safe_primitive(assertz(X)) :- safe_assert(X).
  690safe_primitive(retract(X)) :- safe_assert(X).
  691safe_primitive(retractall(X)) :- safe_assert(X).
  692safe_primitive('$dcg':dcg_translate_rule(_,_)).
  693safe_primitive('$syspreds':predicate_property(Pred, _)) :-
  694    nonvar(Pred),
  695    Pred \= (_:_).
  696
  697% We need to do data flow analysis to find the tag of the
  698% target key before we can conclude that functions on dicts
  699% are safe.
  700safe_primitive('$dicts':'.'(_,K,_)) :- atom(K).
  701safe_primitive('$dicts':'.'(_,K,_)) :-
  702    (   nonvar(K)
  703    ->  dict_built_in(K)
  704    ;   instantiation_error(K)
  705    ).
  706
  707dict_built_in(get(_)).
  708dict_built_in(put(_)).
  709dict_built_in(put(_,_)).
  710
  711% The non-ISO system predicates.  These can be redefined, so we must
  712% be careful to ensure the system ones are used.
  713
  714safe_primitive(system:false).
  715safe_primitive(system:cyclic_term(_)).
  716safe_primitive(system:msort(_,_)).
  717safe_primitive(system:sort(_,_,_,_)).
  718safe_primitive(system:between(_,_,_)).
  719safe_primitive(system:succ(_,_)).
  720safe_primitive(system:plus(_,_,_)).
  721safe_primitive(system:float_class(_,_)).
  722safe_primitive(system:term_variables(_,_)).
  723safe_primitive(system:term_variables(_,_,_)).
  724safe_primitive(system:'$term_size'(_,_,_)).
  725safe_primitive(system:atom_to_term(_,_,_)).
  726safe_primitive(system:term_to_atom(_,_)).
  727safe_primitive(system:atomic_list_concat(_,_,_)).
  728safe_primitive(system:atomic_list_concat(_,_)).
  729safe_primitive(system:downcase_atom(_,_)).
  730safe_primitive(system:upcase_atom(_,_)).
  731safe_primitive(system:is_list(_)).
  732safe_primitive(system:memberchk(_,_)).
  733safe_primitive(system:'$skip_list'(_,_,_)).
  734safe_primitive(system:'$seek_list'(_, _, _, _)).
  735                                        % attributes
  736safe_primitive(system:get_attr(_,_,_)).
  737safe_primitive(system:get_attrs(_,_)).
  738safe_primitive(system:term_attvars(_,_)).
  739safe_primitive(system:del_attr(_,_)).
  740safe_primitive(system:del_attrs(_)).
  741safe_primitive('$attvar':copy_term(_,_,_)).
  742                                        % globals
  743safe_primitive(system:b_getval(_,_)).
  744safe_primitive(system:b_setval(Var,_)) :-
  745    safe_global_var(Var).
  746safe_primitive(system:nb_getval(_,_)).
  747safe_primitive('$syspreds':nb_setval(Var,_)) :-
  748    safe_global_var(Var).
  749safe_primitive(system:nb_linkval(Var,_)) :-
  750    safe_global_var(Var).
  751safe_primitive(system:nb_current(_,_)).
  752                                        % database
  753safe_primitive(system:assert(X)) :-
  754    safe_assert(X).
  755                                        % Output
  756safe_primitive(system:writeln(_)).
  757safe_primitive('$messages':print_message(_,_)).
  758
  759                                        % Stack limits (down)
  760safe_primitive('$syspreds':set_prolog_stack(Stack, limit(ByteExpr))) :-
  761    nonvar(Stack),
  762    stack_name(Stack),
  763    catch(Bytes is ByteExpr, _, fail),
  764    prolog_stack_property(Stack, limit(Current)),
  765    Bytes =< Current.
  766
  767stack_name(global).
  768stack_name(local).
  769stack_name(trail).
  770
  771safe_primitive('$tabling':abolish_all_tables).
  772safe_primitive('$tabling':'$wrap_tabled'(Module:_Head, _Mode)) :-
  773    prolog_load_context(module, Module),
  774    !.
  775safe_primitive('$tabling':'$moded_wrap_tabled'(Module:_Head,_,_,_,_)) :-
  776    prolog_load_context(module, Module),
  777    !.
  778
  779
  780% use_module/1.  We only allow for .pl files that are loaded from
  781% relative paths that do not contain /../
  782
  783safe_primitive(system:use_module(Spec, _Import)) :-
  784    safe_primitive(system:use_module(Spec)).
  785safe_primitive(system:load_files(Spec, Options)) :-
  786    safe_primitive(system:use_module(Spec)),
  787    maplist(safe_load_file_option, Options).
  788safe_primitive(system:use_module(Spec)) :-
  789    ground(Spec),
  790    (   atom(Spec)
  791    ->  Path = Spec
  792    ;   Spec =.. [_Alias, Segments],
  793        phrase(segments_to_path(Segments), List),
  794        atomic_list_concat(List, Path)
  795    ),
  796    \+ is_absolute_file_name(Path),
  797    \+ sub_atom(Path, _, _, _, '/../'),
  798    absolute_file_name(Spec, AbsFile,
  799                       [ access(read),
  800                         file_type(prolog),
  801                         file_errors(fail)
  802                       ]),
  803    file_name_extension(_, Ext, AbsFile),
  804    save_extension(Ext).
  805
  806% support predicates for safe_primitive, validating the safety of
  807% arguments to certain goals.
  808
  809segments_to_path(A/B) -->
  810    !,
  811    segments_to_path(A),
  812    [/],
  813    segments_to_path(B).
  814segments_to_path(X) -->
  815    [X].
  816
  817save_extension(pl).
  818
  819safe_load_file_option(if(changed)).
  820safe_load_file_option(if(not_loaded)).
  821safe_load_file_option(must_be_module(_)).
  822safe_load_file_option(optimise(_)).
  823safe_load_file_option(silent(_)).
 safe_assert(+Term) is semidet
True if assert(Term) is safe, which means it asserts in the current module. Cross-module asserts are considered unsafe. We only allow for adding facts. In theory, we could also allow for rules if we prove the safety of the body.
  832safe_assert(C) :- cyclic_term(C), !, fail.
  833safe_assert(X) :- var(X), !, fail.
  834safe_assert(_Head:-_Body) :- !, fail.
  835safe_assert(_:_) :- !, fail.
  836safe_assert(_).
 safe_clause(+Head) is semidet
Consider a call to clause safe if it does not try to cross a module boundary. Cross-module usage of clause/2 can extract private information from other modules.
  844safe_clause(H) :- var(H), !.
  845safe_clause(_:_) :- !, fail.
  846safe_clause(_).
 safe_global_var(+Name) is semidet
True if Name is a global variable to which assertion is considered safe.
  854safe_global_var(Name) :-
  855    var(Name),
  856    !,
  857    instantiation_error(Name).
  858safe_global_var(Name) :-
  859    safe_global_variable(Name).
 safe_global_variable(Name) is semidet
Declare the given global variable safe to write to.
 safe_meta(+Goal, -Called:list(callable)) is semidet
Hook. True if Goal is a meta-predicate that is considered safe iff all elements in Called are safe.
  871safe_meta(system:put_attr(V,M,A), Called) :-
  872    !,
  873    (   atom(M)
  874    ->  attr_hook_predicates([ attr_unify_hook(A, _),
  875                               attribute_goals(V,_,_),
  876                               project_attributes(_,_)
  877                             ], M, Called)
  878    ;   instantiation_error(M)
  879    ).
  880safe_meta(system:with_output_to(Output, G), [G]) :-
  881    safe_output(Output),
  882    !.
  883safe_meta(system:format(Format, Args), Calls) :-
  884    format_calls(Format, Args, Calls).
  885safe_meta(system:format(Output, Format, Args), Calls) :-
  886    safe_output(Output),
  887    format_calls(Format, Args, Calls).
  888safe_meta(prolog_debug:debug(_Term, Format, Args), Calls) :-
  889    format_calls(Format, Args, Calls).
  890safe_meta(system:set_prolog_flag(Flag, Value), []) :-
  891    atom(Flag),
  892    safe_prolog_flag(Flag, Value).
  893safe_meta('$attvar':freeze(_Var,Goal), [Goal]).
  894safe_meta(phrase(NT,Xs0,Xs), [Goal]) :- % phrase/2,3 and call_dcg/2,3
  895    expand_nt(NT,Xs0,Xs,Goal).
  896safe_meta(phrase(NT,Xs0), [Goal]) :-
  897    expand_nt(NT,Xs0,[],Goal).
  898safe_meta('$dcg':call_dcg(NT,Xs0,Xs), [Goal]) :-
  899    expand_nt(NT,Xs0,Xs,Goal).
  900safe_meta('$dcg':call_dcg(NT,Xs0), [Goal]) :-
  901    expand_nt(NT,Xs0,[],Goal).
  902safe_meta('$tabling':abolish_table_subgoals(V), []) :-
  903    \+ qualified(V).
  904safe_meta('$tabling':current_table(V, _), []) :-
  905    \+ qualified(V).
  906safe_meta('$tabling':tnot(G), [G]).
  907safe_meta('$tabling':not_exists(G), [G]).
  908
  909qualified(V) :-
  910    nonvar(V),
  911    V = _:_.
 attr_hook_predicates(+Hooks0, +Module, -Hooks) is det
Filter the defined hook implementations. This is safe because (1) calling an undefined predicate is not a safety issue, (2) the user an only assert in the current module and only predicates that have a safe body. This avoids the need to define attribute hooks solely for the purpose of making them safe.
  921attr_hook_predicates([], _, []).
  922attr_hook_predicates([H|T], M, Called) :-
  923    (   predicate_property(M:H, defined)
  924    ->  Called = [M:H|Rest]
  925    ;   Called = Rest
  926    ),
  927    attr_hook_predicates(T, M, Rest).
 expand_nt(+NT, ?Xs0, ?Xs, -NewGoal)
Similar to expand_phrase/2, but we do throw errors instead of failing if NT is not sufficiently instantiated.
  935expand_nt(NT, _Xs0, _Xs, _NewGoal) :-
  936    strip_module(NT, _, Plain),
  937    var(Plain),
  938    !,
  939    instantiation_error(Plain).
  940expand_nt(NT, Xs0, Xs, NewGoal) :-
  941    dcg_translate_rule((pseudo_nt --> NT),
  942                       (pseudo_nt(Xs0c,Xsc) :- NewGoal0)),
  943    (   var(Xsc), Xsc \== Xs0c
  944    ->  Xs = Xsc, NewGoal1 = NewGoal0
  945    ;   NewGoal1 = (NewGoal0, Xsc = Xs)
  946    ),
  947    (   var(Xs0c)
  948    ->  Xs0 = Xs0c,
  949        NewGoal = NewGoal1
  950    ;   NewGoal = ( Xs0 = Xs0c, NewGoal1 )
  951    ).
 safe_meta_call(+Goal, +Context, -Called:list(callable)) is semidet
True if Goal is a meta-predicate that is considered safe iff all elements in Called are safe.
  958safe_meta_call(Goal, _, _Called) :-
  959    debug(sandbox(meta), 'Safe meta ~p?', [Goal]),
  960    fail.
  961safe_meta_call(Goal, Context, Called) :-
  962    (   safe_meta(Goal, Called)
  963    ->  true
  964    ;   safe_meta(Goal, Context, Called)
  965    ),
  966    !.     % call hook
  967safe_meta_call(Goal, _, Called) :-
  968    Goal = M:Plain,
  969    compound(Plain),
  970    compound_name_arity(Plain, Name, Arity),
  971    safe_meta_predicate(M:Name/Arity),
  972    predicate_property(Goal, meta_predicate(Spec)),
  973    !,
  974    called(Spec, Plain, Called).
  975safe_meta_call(M:Goal, _, Called) :-
  976    !,
  977    generic_goal(Goal, Gen),
  978    safe_meta(M:Gen),
  979    called(Gen, Goal, Called).
  980safe_meta_call(Goal, _, Called) :-
  981    generic_goal(Goal, Gen),
  982    safe_meta(Gen),
  983    called(Gen, Goal, Called).
  984
  985called(Gen, Goal, Called) :-
  986    compound_name_arity(Goal, _, Arity),
  987    called(1, Arity, Gen, Goal, Called).
  988
  989called(I, Arity, Gen, Goal, Called) :-
  990    I =< Arity,
  991    !,
  992    arg(I, Gen, Spec),
  993    (   calling_meta_spec(Spec)
  994    ->  arg(I, Goal, Called0),
  995        extend(Spec, Called0, G),
  996        Called = [G|Rest]
  997    ;   Called = Rest
  998    ),
  999    I2 is I+1,
 1000    called(I2, Arity, Gen, Goal, Rest).
 1001called(_, _, _, _, []).
 1002
 1003generic_goal(G, Gen) :-
 1004    functor(G, Name, Arity),
 1005    functor(Gen, Name, Arity).
 1006
 1007calling_meta_spec(V) :- var(V), !, fail.
 1008calling_meta_spec(I) :- integer(I), !.
 1009calling_meta_spec(^).
 1010calling_meta_spec(//).
 1011
 1012
 1013extend(^, G, Plain) :-
 1014    !,
 1015    strip_existential(G, Plain).
 1016extend(//, DCG, Goal) :-
 1017    !,
 1018    (   expand_phrase(call_dcg(DCG,_,_), Goal)
 1019    ->  true
 1020    ;   instantiation_error(DCG)    % Ask more instantiation.
 1021    ).                              % might not help, but does not harm.
 1022extend(0, G, G) :- !.
 1023extend(I, M:G0, M:G) :-
 1024    !,
 1025    G0 =.. List,
 1026    length(Extra, I),
 1027    append(List, Extra, All),
 1028    G =.. All.
 1029extend(I, G0, G) :-
 1030    G0 =.. List,
 1031    length(Extra, I),
 1032    append(List, Extra, All),
 1033    G =.. All.
 1034
 1035strip_existential(Var, Var) :-
 1036    var(Var),
 1037    !.
 1038strip_existential(M:G0, M:G) :-
 1039    !,
 1040    strip_existential(G0, G).
 1041strip_existential(_^G0, G) :-
 1042    !,
 1043    strip_existential(G0, G).
 1044strip_existential(G, G).
 safe_meta(?Template)
 1048safe_meta((0,0)).
 1049safe_meta((0;0)).
 1050safe_meta((0->0)).
 1051safe_meta(system:(0*->0)).
 1052safe_meta(catch(0,*,0)).
 1053safe_meta(findall(*,0,*)).
 1054safe_meta('$bags':findall(*,0,*,*)).
 1055safe_meta(setof(*,^,*)).
 1056safe_meta(bagof(*,^,*)).
 1057safe_meta('$bags':findnsols(*,*,0,*)).
 1058safe_meta('$bags':findnsols(*,*,0,*,*)).
 1059safe_meta(system:call_cleanup(0,0)).
 1060safe_meta(system:setup_call_cleanup(0,0,0)).
 1061safe_meta(system:setup_call_catcher_cleanup(0,0,*,0)).
 1062safe_meta('$attvar':call_residue_vars(0,*)).
 1063safe_meta('$syspreds':call_with_inference_limit(0,*,*)).
 1064safe_meta('$syspreds':call_with_depth_limit(0,*,*)).
 1065safe_meta('$syspreds':undo(0)).
 1066safe_meta(^(*,0)).
 1067safe_meta(\+(0)).
 1068safe_meta(call(0)).
 1069safe_meta(call(1,*)).
 1070safe_meta(call(2,*,*)).
 1071safe_meta(call(3,*,*,*)).
 1072safe_meta(call(4,*,*,*,*)).
 1073safe_meta(call(5,*,*,*,*,*)).
 1074safe_meta(call(6,*,*,*,*,*,*)).
 1075safe_meta('$tabling':start_tabling(*,0)).
 1076safe_meta('$tabling':start_tabling(*,0,*,*)).
 1077safe_meta(wfs:call_delays(0,*)).
 safe_output(+Output)
True if something is a safe output argument for with_output_to/2 and friends. We do not want writing to streams.
 1084safe_output(Output) :-
 1085    var(Output),
 1086    !,
 1087    instantiation_error(Output).
 1088safe_output(atom(_)).
 1089safe_output(string(_)).
 1090safe_output(codes(_)).
 1091safe_output(codes(_,_)).
 1092safe_output(chars(_)).
 1093safe_output(chars(_,_)).
 1094safe_output(current_output).
 1095safe_output(current_error).
 format_calls(+Format, +FormatArgs, -Calls)
Find ~@ calls from Format and Args.
 1101:- public format_calls/3.                       % used in pengines_io
 1102
 1103format_calls(Format, _Args, _Calls) :-
 1104    var(Format),
 1105    !,
 1106    instantiation_error(Format).
 1107format_calls(Format, Args, Calls) :-
 1108    format_types(Format, Types),
 1109    (   format_callables(Types, Args, Calls)
 1110    ->  true
 1111    ;   throw(error(format_error(Format, Types, Args), _))
 1112    ).
 1113
 1114format_callables([], [], []).
 1115format_callables([callable|TT], [G|TA], [G|TG]) :-
 1116    !,
 1117    format_callables(TT, TA, TG).
 1118format_callables([_|TT], [_|TA], TG) :-
 1119    !,
 1120    format_callables(TT, TA, TG).
 1121
 1122
 1123                 /*******************************
 1124                 *    SAFE COMPILATION HOOKS    *
 1125                 *******************************/
 1126
 1127:- multifile
 1128    prolog:sandbox_allowed_directive/1,
 1129    prolog:sandbox_allowed_goal/1,
 1130    prolog:sandbox_allowed_expansion/1.
 prolog:sandbox_allowed_directive(:G) is det
Throws an exception if G is not considered a safe directive.
 1136prolog:sandbox_allowed_directive(Directive) :-
 1137    debug(sandbox(directive), 'Directive: ~p', [Directive]),
 1138    fail.
 1139prolog:sandbox_allowed_directive(Directive) :-
 1140    safe_directive(Directive),
 1141    !.
 1142prolog:sandbox_allowed_directive(M:PredAttr) :-
 1143    \+ prolog_load_context(module, M),
 1144    !,
 1145    debug(sandbox(directive), 'Cross-module directive', []),
 1146    permission_error(execute, sandboxed_directive, (:- M:PredAttr)).
 1147prolog:sandbox_allowed_directive(M:PredAttr) :-
 1148    safe_pattr(PredAttr),
 1149    !,
 1150    PredAttr =.. [Attr, Preds],
 1151    (   safe_pattr(Preds, Attr)
 1152    ->  true
 1153    ;   permission_error(execute, sandboxed_directive, (:- M:PredAttr))
 1154    ).
 1155prolog:sandbox_allowed_directive(_:Directive) :-
 1156    safe_source_directive(Directive),
 1157    !.
 1158prolog:sandbox_allowed_directive(_:Directive) :-
 1159    directive_loads_file(Directive, File),
 1160    !,
 1161    safe_path(File).
 1162prolog:sandbox_allowed_directive(G) :-
 1163    safe_goal(G).
 safe_directive(:Directive) is semidet
Hook to declare additional directives as safe. The argument is a term Module:Directive (without :- wrapper). In almost all cases, the implementation must verify that the Module is the current load context as illustrated below. This check is not performed by the system to allow for cases where particular cross-module directives are allowed.
sandbox:safe_directive(M:Directive) :-
    prolog_load_context(module, M),
    ...
 1181safe_pattr(dynamic(_)).
 1182safe_pattr(thread_local(_)).
 1183safe_pattr(volatile(_)).
 1184safe_pattr(discontiguous(_)).
 1185safe_pattr(multifile(_)).
 1186safe_pattr(public(_)).
 1187safe_pattr(meta_predicate(_)).
 1188safe_pattr(table(_)).
 1189safe_pattr(non_terminal(_)).
 1190
 1191safe_pattr(Var, _) :-
 1192    var(Var),
 1193    !,
 1194    instantiation_error(Var).
 1195safe_pattr((A,B), Attr) :-
 1196    !,
 1197    safe_pattr(A, Attr),
 1198    safe_pattr(B, Attr).
 1199safe_pattr(M:G, Attr) :-
 1200    !,
 1201    (   atom(M),
 1202        prolog_load_context(module, M)
 1203    ->  true
 1204    ;   Goal =.. [Attr,M:G],
 1205        permission_error(directive, sandboxed, (:- Goal))
 1206    ).
 1207safe_pattr(_, _).
 1208
 1209safe_source_directive(op(_,_,Name)) :-
 1210    !,
 1211    (   atom(Name)
 1212    ->  true
 1213    ;   is_list(Name),
 1214        maplist(atom, Name)
 1215    ).
 1216safe_source_directive(set_prolog_flag(Flag, Value)) :-
 1217    !,
 1218    atom(Flag), ground(Value),
 1219    safe_prolog_flag(Flag, Value).
 1220safe_source_directive(style_check(_)).
 1221safe_source_directive(initialization(_)).   % Checked at runtime
 1222safe_source_directive(initialization(_,_)). % Checked at runtime
 1223
 1224directive_loads_file(use_module(library(X)), X).
 1225directive_loads_file(use_module(library(X), _Imports), X).
 1226directive_loads_file(load_files(library(X), _Options), X).
 1227directive_loads_file(ensure_loaded(library(X)), X).
 1228directive_loads_file(include(X), X).
 1229
 1230safe_path(X) :-
 1231    var(X),
 1232    !,
 1233    instantiation_error(X).
 1234safe_path(X) :-
 1235    (   atom(X)
 1236    ;   string(X)
 1237    ),
 1238    !,
 1239    \+ sub_atom(X, 0, _, 0, '..'),
 1240    \+ sub_atom(X, 0, _, _, '/'),
 1241    \+ sub_atom(X, 0, _, _, '../'),
 1242    \+ sub_atom(X, _, _, 0, '/..'),
 1243    \+ sub_atom(X, _, _, _, '/../').
 1244safe_path(A/B) :-
 1245    !,
 1246    safe_path(A),
 1247    safe_path(B).
 safe_prolog_flag(+Flag, +Value) is det
True if it is safe to set the flag Flag to Value.
To be done
- If we can avoid that files are loaded after changing this flag, we can allow for more flags. The syntax flags are safe because they are registered with the module.
 1259% misc
 1260safe_prolog_flag(generate_debug_info, _).
 1261safe_prolog_flag(optimise, _).
 1262safe_prolog_flag(occurs_check, _).
 1263% syntax
 1264safe_prolog_flag(var_prefix, _).
 1265safe_prolog_flag(double_quotes, _).
 1266safe_prolog_flag(back_quotes, _).
 1267safe_prolog_flag(rational_syntax, _).
 1268% arithmetic
 1269safe_prolog_flag(prefer_rationals, _).
 1270safe_prolog_flag(float_overflow, _).
 1271safe_prolog_flag(float_zero_div, _).
 1272safe_prolog_flag(float_undefined, _).
 1273safe_prolog_flag(float_underflow, _).
 1274safe_prolog_flag(float_rounding, _).
 1275safe_prolog_flag(float_rounding, _).
 1276safe_prolog_flag(max_rational_size, _).
 1277safe_prolog_flag(max_rational_size_action, _).
 1278% tabling
 1279safe_prolog_flag(max_answers_for_subgoal,_).
 1280safe_prolog_flag(max_answers_for_subgoal_action,_).
 1281safe_prolog_flag(max_table_answer_size,_).
 1282safe_prolog_flag(max_table_answer_size_action,_).
 1283safe_prolog_flag(max_table_subgoal_size,_).
 1284safe_prolog_flag(max_table_subgoal_size_action,_).
 prolog:sandbox_allowed_expansion(:G) is det
Throws an exception if G is not considered a safe expansion goal. This deals with call-backs from the compiler for

Our assumption is that external expansion rules are coded safely and we only need to be careful if the sandboxed code defines expansion rules.

 1300prolog:sandbox_allowed_expansion(M:G) :-
 1301    prolog_load_context(module, M),
 1302    !,
 1303    debug(sandbox(expansion), 'Expand in ~p: ~p', [M, G]),
 1304    safe_goal(M:G).
 1305prolog:sandbox_allowed_expansion(_,_).
 prolog:sandbox_allowed_goal(:G) is det
Throw an exception if it is not safe to call G
 1311prolog:sandbox_allowed_goal(G) :-
 1312    safe_goal(G).
 1313
 1314
 1315                 /*******************************
 1316                 *            MESSAGES          *
 1317                 *******************************/
 1318
 1319:- multifile
 1320    prolog:message//1,
 1321    prolog:message_context//1,
 1322    prolog:error_message//1. 1323
 1324prolog:message(error(instantiation_error, Context)) -->
 1325    { nonvar(Context),
 1326      Context = sandbox(_Goal,Parents),
 1327      numbervars(Context, 1, _)
 1328    },
 1329    [ 'Sandbox restriction!'-[], nl,
 1330      'Could not derive which predicate may be called from'-[]
 1331    ],
 1332    (   { Parents == [] }
 1333    ->  [ 'Search space too large'-[] ]
 1334    ;   callers(Parents, 10)
 1335    ).
 1336
 1337prolog:message_context(sandbox(_G, [])) --> !.
 1338prolog:message_context(sandbox(_G, Parents)) -->
 1339    [ nl, 'Reachable from:'-[] ],
 1340    callers(Parents, 10).
 1341
 1342callers([], _) --> !.
 1343callers(_,  0) --> !.
 1344callers([G|Parents], Level) -->
 1345    { NextLevel is Level-1
 1346    },
 1347    [ nl, '\t  ~p'-[G] ],
 1348    callers(Parents, NextLevel).
 1349
 1350prolog:message(bad_safe_declaration(Goal, File, Line)) -->
 1351    [ '~w:~d: Invalid safe_primitive/1 declaration: ~p'-
 1352      [File, Line, Goal] ].
 1353
 1354prolog:error_message(format_error(Format, Types, Args)) -->
 1355    format_error(Format, Types, Args).
 1356
 1357format_error(Format, Types, Args) -->
 1358    { length(Types, TypeLen),
 1359      length(Args, ArgsLen),
 1360      (   TypeLen > ArgsLen
 1361      ->  Problem = 'not enough'
 1362      ;   Problem = 'too many'
 1363      )
 1364    },
 1365    [ 'format(~q): ~w arguments (found ~w, need ~w)'-
 1366      [Format, Problem, ArgsLen, TypeLen]
 1367    ]